How had attack on Pearl Harbor effected the relationship between United States of America and Japan from 1941 until 1950s free essay sample

In my Extended Essay I am talking about the effect of the attack on pearl harbour on the US-Japanese relationship. In the begining of the essay I am talking about the actual attack and the stratagy which was used to achive the Japanese Admirals goals. The Actual attack was only the begining of the whole story , in this case it was a good begining for Japan , but the action which was taken against Japan after the atack was very unfortunate for the Japanese nation. After the attack, in 1945 Japan got occupied by the Allies, mostly by US military forces. All the government was strictly controlled by MacArthur who was the Head of the Administration in the â€Å"Occupation Commity†. US had suplied Japan with food and a finantial aid , military oficers were patroling their areas for safty. There still were war crimes done during the invasion and the attack on the Pearl Harbor. We will write a custom essay sample on How had attack on Pearl Harbor effected the relationship between United States of America and Japan from 1941 until 1950s? or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The trials were led by the â€Å"International Tribunal for the Far East† but some people had imunity given to them by MacArthur , those people were the Emperors family members and the members of 731 Unit. The government reforms also took place after the occupation. Word Count: 203 2 Table of Content. Pearl Harbour is was a millitary base in the Hawaiian teretory. On the Base there were 8 battle ships , 8 cruisers, 40 destroyers, 4 submarines, 1 USCG Cutter, 49 other ships, ~390 aircrafts. †( A Monster Company)â€Å"With this strenghts American soldiers had an adventage in the millitary power over Japans local milittary fleet. Japan on their mobile unit had 6 aircraft carriers ,2 battleships, 2 heavy cruisers, 1 light cruiser, 9 destroyers, 8 tankers, 23 fleet submarines, 5 midget submarines, 414aircraft. The attack on Pearl Harbor was intended to neutralize the U. Pacific Fleet, and hence protect Japans advance into Malaya and the Dutch East Indies. In 1920s both countries new that there will be a war between them at some point. †( A Monster Company ) There had plans of attack and deffence pland way before the war had started. The tension had began to grow more seriously when Japan had an invasion in 1931 in to Manchuria. Japan kept on expending into China which led to a war in 1937. () Japan had spent plenty of their resources for making weapons and making gear for soldiers. â€Å"The main point of Japan was to isolate China and win the war in the main land, The â€Å"Southern-Operation† was made to assist the efforts. †( EMBER) â€Å"From December 1937 events such as Japanese attack on USS Panay and Nanking Massacre made the public of the Western Sosiety to turn sharply against Japan and made them fear the uncontrolable expansion of Japan. †(EMBER) United States, United Kingdom and France had to provide loan assistance to Republic of China for geting more war machineries and gears for the soldiers. In 1940 Japan had invaded the French part of China to stop the supplies for reaching to the Chinas battle ground. United States have stoped providing Japan with airlanes, repairment parts, machine tools, and the gasoline for the machinary and the aviation gasoline. (The History) Japan did not like this at all and had encountered this as an unfriendly act. â€Å"Only oil exports have not stoped because U. S. Government in Washington had made an decision that it would be an extreme step, 4 and also they wanted Japan to depend on the U. S. A.   In early 1941 The pacific Fleet was mooved from San Diego to Hawaii, there also was a military buildup in the Philipines to let the Japanese understand that they should not aggress towards U. S. A. But The Japenese military plans were to get the Philipines attacked and under their contol. (The History) In the Philipines there was 40,000 man who were trained in the elite forces. (EMBER) Douglas MacArthur had said that U. S. Needs a force ten times that size, but he was not heard. (EMBER) The Japanese invasion had began. This was the breacking point for the oil export from U. S. to Japan in July 1941. Because of the oil shortage Japan had to invade Dutch East Indies for the great, reach oil territory. On 17 August 1941 Roosevelt had warned Japan that U. S. is ready to take any acttions if they would attack the neighboring countries. Japan had a choice of either withdrawal and loosing some of Chines teretory which they earned during the millitary actions or going â€Å"all-in† and fighting to the end no matter what. Japan Tried to improve relationship with U. S.   And they had writen a proposal which stated that they will stop attacks but keep the Chinese teretory to them selfs, U. S. A. had rejected it. U. S. A. Had proposed for Japan to evacuate the Chinese territory and sign non agression pacts with all th countries which were attacked by them and with pacific powers. (The History) The first plan of the attack on the Pearl Harbour had began to build up very early, in 1941. Admiral Isoroku Yamomoto had made a perfection of the plan and then had taken the commanding on the Japans Combined Fleet. (EMBER) He had moved his plan and sucseeded with its aproval. The full-scale planning had began in spring 1941 by Captain Minoru Genda and Deputy Chief of Staff,Captain Kameto Kurojima. Japanees Admirals had studied the 1940s British air atack on the Italian fleet at Taranto. (EMBER) They made a great use of that while planing an attack on Pearl Harbour. Over the next several months pilots were trained and all the equipment was adapted and made to feet the conditions of the new battle field. 5 All the best technicians were guethered to work on the modification nad the planing of the strategy. Even tho the preperation was going on the attack plan was yet not approved by the Emperor Hirohito until November 5,it only got approven after the third of four conferences. The final authorization by the Emperor was given only on the December 1st. It was finalized by emperor only because of the advises by the japanese leaders. â€Å"By late 1941 many observers were shure that hostilities by the japanse side was imminent. By statistics 52% of americans expected a war between U. S. and Japan, 27% did not expect war and 21% had no oppinion on that. †(EMBER) U. S. Pacific bases were put on allert and multiple times, but the comanders had not expected the attack on pearl harbour to be the firs one on the list. First attack was expected to be on the Philippines bases. This mistake was made because the Japanese fleet was mooving south and U. S. comanders asumed that Japanese Admirals were not capable of doing several major operations at a time. Those mistakes had led to the miscalculations in the area of the attack. The attack had several aims at a time. At first they were supossed to destroy the important American fleet units, to prevent pacific fleet to interfer in their upcoming actions. â€Å"As secondary aim they had to buy time for the Japan to make their position more powerful and increase its naval strenghts before ship building authorized by th 1940 Vinson-Walsh Act erased any chances of Japans victory. †(EyeWitness) And the last aim was to deliver a severe blow to American morale, one of which would discorage Americans from commiting to a war extending into the western Pacific Ocean. As a maximum morale demolishment Japan chose the U. S. s prestige battle ships as the aim because they were the best ships of any navy at the time. The main object was to conquer the Southeast Asia without any interference from the side. Striking the Pacific Fleet in Pearl Harbour had two main disadventages which were that the water in the harbour was shallow and that it was easier to repair the ships, as well as the most of the fleets crews would be on the shore or even be evacuated to the shure which ment that not as many soldiers would be 6 killed. â€Å"A great disadventage was as well the timing of the attack, as it was known to Japanese that all three U. S. Pacific Fleets aircraft carriers, Enterprice, Lexington, and Saratoga, were absent from the Pearl Harbour. Ironically, the major plan was to destroy as much ships as posible, and they were upsest with it. Ironically, the major plan was to destroy as much ships as posible, and they were upsest with it, despiting this Yamamoto decided to press ahead. Japanese confidence was so high that their short† war would make a gigant influence on U. S. that they didnt even consider other targets such as the submarine base, oil tank farms, and especially navy yard, they thought that it could be safly ignored, since the war would be over before the influence of these facilities would be felt. This was their perspective of action on the battle field. â€Å"On November 26, 1941 Japanese task force of six aircraft carriers Akagi, Kaga, Soryu, Hiryu, Shokaku, and Zuikaku had departed northern japan to their position in northwest of Hawaii to launch the aircrafts for the attack on Pearl Harbour. †( Anderson)â€Å"They had 408 aircrafts on board. 360 aircrafts were planed to be sent to the atack , 48 were ment to stay for the defencive combat air patrol. The first wave was to be the main attack, when the second wave was to finish what ever was left after the first wave. 1st Group (targets: battleships and aircraft carriers) 50 Nakajima B5N Kate bombers armed with 800 kg (1760 lb) armor piercing bombs, organized in four sections 40 B5N bombers armed with Type 91 torpedoes, also in four sections 2nd Group – (targets: Ford Island and Wheeler Field) 54 Aichi D3A Val dive bombers armed with 550 lb (249 kg) general purpose bombs 3rd Group – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barbers Point, Kaneohe) 7 45 Mitsubishi A6M Zeke fighters for air control. †(Encyclopedia) ? He first wave carried most of the weapons to attack the bigest ships, mainly specially adapted Type 91 aerial torpedoes which were designed with an anti-roll mechanism and a rudder extention.? Encyclopedia )The Pilots were ordered to hit the high value targets first such as battle ships and aircraft carriers or, if these were not present, any other high value ships. Dive bombers were to attack ground targets. Fighters were ordered to destro as many aircrafts ,which were parked, as possible to ensure they did not get into air and attack the bombers in the first wave. When the fighters fuel was low they had to return to the carriers, refill and then get back to the battle ground. The Attack took place before any formal declaration of war, but this was not Admiral Yamamotos choice. He wanted to start the attack 30 minutes after the Japan would tell the U. S. A. about the war. The Japanese were trieing to uphold the convention of the war while still making it a surprise, but the attack began before the declaration of war. Tokyo had transmited the 5,000-word notification in two blocks to the Japanese Embassy in Washington, but transcribing the message took long for Japanese embassador to deliver it in time. The second attack:1st Group 54 B5Ns armed with 550 lb (249 kg) and 132 lb (60 kg) general purpose bombs 27 B5Ns – aircraft and hangars on Kaneohe, Ford Island, and Barbers Point 27 B5Ns – hangars and aircraft on Hickam Field 2nd Group (targets: aircraft carriers and cruisers) 81 D3As armed with 550 lb (249 kg) general purpose bombs, in four sections 3rd Group – (targets: aircraft at Ford Island, Hickam Field, Wheeler Field, Barbers Point, Kaneohe) 36 A6Ms for defense and strafing† (Encyclopedia) â€Å"Ninety minutes after the attack has began it has come to an end. Americans died including 48-68 civilians, a further 1,139 wounded. Eighteen ships were sunk including five battle ships. † (Anderson) 8 The Aftermath â€Å"15 Medals of Honor, 51 Navy Crosses, 53 Silver Stars, four Navy and Marine Corps Medals, one Distinguished Flying Cross, four Distinguished Service Crosses, one Distinguished Service Medal, and three Bronze Star Medals were awarded to the American servicemen. †( Stoddard ) The day after the attaack, Roosevelt delivered his famous Infamy Speech to a Joint Session of Congress, calling for a formal declaration of war with the Empire of Japan. U. S. A. declared war hour later. Germany and Itally had declared a war against U. S. A. due to the tripartile pact. The Tripartile Pact was an earlier agreement between Germany Itally and Japan which was ment to limit the U. S. s intervention in any conflict involving the three nations. The war against Germany and Itally was declared that same day. â€Å"Britain had declared a war on Japan 9 hours earlier than U. S. A. did, partially because of the attack on Malaya, Singapore and Hong Kong. Winston Churchill promised to declare war as soon as posible after the Japanese attack on United States. Admiral Hara Tadaichi summed up the Japanese result by saying, We won a great tactical victory at Pearl Harbor and thereby lost the war. † (Burbeck )By those words he made a really good conclusion of their attack on U. S. A. Fortunatly for United States Fleet aircraft carriers were untouched, otherwise the Pacific Fleets ability to conduct offencive operation would be unreall for a year or more. A major flaw of Japanese strategic thinking was a belief that the ultimate Pacific battle would be fought by battleships, in keeping with the doctrine of Captain Alfred Thayer Mahan. As a result, Yamamoto acounted battleships for a decisive battle that never happened. 9 The Occupation The relationship between U. S. A. and Japan was horrible. U. S. was really surprised by the attack , even though they were waiting for it. With in the first year after the attack on the Pearl Harbor, U. S. was really strict and was really aggressive towards Japan. † In 1945 Allies occupied Japan , the occupation was led by U. S. A. Not as a revenge for the attack that Japaniese had performed on the pearl harbor, but to keep the agressor , Japan, calm and that it could not produce any harm to U. S. And allies. Japan had surrendered to the Allies on August 14 1945. †( Smitha) On the same day Emperor Hirohito announced that Japan had surrendered ,to the allies, on the radio. This announcment was first ever radio broadcast and the first most of the citizens of Japan had heard his voice. â€Å"Mac Arthur arrived in tokyo on 30 of August and immediatly relised laws; No Allied personel were to assault Japanese people. No allied personel were to eat the scarce Japanese food. The â€Å"Rising Sun† flag was strongly restricted. On September 2 Japan had formally surendered by signing the Japanese Instrument of Surrender. On the 6 of the same month U. S. President Truman approved all the documentation , and had realesed a document which was called â€Å"US Initial Post-Surrender Policy for Japan†. †( Smitha) â€Å"The main principle of this document was to set two main objectives , which are 1. Eliminate the war potential of Japan, 2. Turn Japan in to a western like nation with a pro-American orientation. †( Smitha) Allied forces , mostly Americans, were imported in to the country to look after the recovering nation , and keep the peace and the safety of the people. MacArthur was the head of the Occupation administration and his firs priority was to set up a food distribution network in Japan. Even with the measures that US did millions of people were still sturving several years after the surender. â€Å"As Kawai Kazuo said : â€Å"Democracy can not be taught to a starving people. † (Stolley)†Aid which was sent in to Japan was US$ 92 million in loans. By the end of 1945 ore than 350,000 U. S. Personel were located on Japans grounds. †(Stolley) â€Å"By June 1950 all of the army units had suffered extensive troop reduction, and 10 Their effectivness was weakened sereously. When North Korea got in to a war with South Korea, elements of the 24 were sent to South Korea to try to stop the massive invasion of the Norths forces. â€Å"( Smitha) The Impacts of Occupation Purging of war criminals. While the other reforms took place, different military tribunals also took place. The â€Å"International Tribunal for the Far East† were trying Japans war criminals and giving a death sentence or an imprisonment. However, many suspects ssuch as Tsuji Masanobu, Yoshio Kodam and Ryoichi Sasakawa were not judged at all. All the Emperial family and the members of Unit 731 including the director Dr. Shiro Ishii got an immunity from being trialed for the war crimes by the General MacArthur. (The History) Politics â€Å"Japanese had retained their nativ government throughout the occupation. The Japanese government authorities were strictly limited at first. Senior figures in the government like Prime Minister effectively served at the pleasure of the occupation authorities befor the firs post-war election. The first post-war ellection was held in 1946 and the Liberal Partys vice presedent Yoshida Shigeru became the prime minister of Japan. In the 1947 elections, anti- Yoshida forces lef the Liberal Party and established Japan Democratic Party. After a short period of time of administration , Yoshida returned to the prime ministers chair in 1948 until 1954. †( Osprey ) Conclusion By the information that was represented above it comes out that the Attack of Pearl Harbour was well planed and was a major strategic move for the Japanies military forces. It is also represents how unexpected the attack was and how well the operation was thought through out a short period of time. It was a big hit on the USAs military forces and made them look weaker in the â€Å"worlds eyes†. At the time the tecnology US forces used wasnt perfect, that also played a role in the 11 combat. The theory in which people tell that US generals knew about the attack was confirmed, but the issue is that the generals didnt know the exact location where would the Japanes strike. They had couple of location which could be attacked by. Pearl Harbour was not really the location that they though would be attacked. This unexpected attack was horible for US because no one was ready to deffend the harbour and most people were relaxing, sleeping, and on the shore , not on the battleships. By concluding the attack, it can be clearly seen that Japans forces specialy made the attack in the time when no one had expected it , by doing that they had tha adventage even though they had less troops and lees vehicles than US in the Pearl Harbour.

Richard Trevithick, Locomotive Pioneer

Richard Trevithick, Locomotive Pioneer Richard Trevithick was a pioneer in early steam engine technology who successfully tested the first steam-powered locomotive, but he ended his life in obscurity. Early Life Trevithick was born in Illogan, Cornwall, in 1771, the son of a Cornish mining family. Dubbed â€Å"The Cornish Giant† for his height- he stood 6’2†, remarkably tall for the time- and for his athletic build, Trevithick was an accomplished wrestler and sportsman, but an unaccomplished scholar. He did, however, have an aptitude for math. And when he was old enough to join his father in the mining business, it was clear that this aptitude extended to the blossoming field of mine engineering, and especially in the use of steam engines. Industrial Revolution Pioneer Trevithick grew up in the crucible of the Industrial Revolution, surrounded by emerging mining technology. His neighbor, William Murdoch, was pioneering new advances in steam-carriage technology.   Steam engines were also used to pump water out of the mines.  Because James Watt already held a number of important steam-engine patents, Trevithick attempted to pioneer steam technology that didn’t rely on Watt’s condenser model.   He succeeded, but not well enough to escape Watt’s lawsuits and personal enmity. And while his use of high-pressure steam represented a new breakthrough, it also drew concerns about its safety. Despite setbacks which gave credibility to those concerns- one accident killed four men- Trevithick continued his work on developing a steam engine that could reliably haul cargo and passengers. He first developed an engine called The Puffing Devil, that traveled not on rails, but on roads. Its limited ability to retain steam prevented its commercial success, however. In 1804, Trevithick successfully tested the first steam-powered locomotive to ride on rails. At seven tons, however, the locomotive- called The Pennydarren- was so heavy it would break its own rails. Drawn to Peru by opportunities there, Trevithick made a fortune in mining- and lost it when he fled that country’s civil war. He returned to his native England, where his early inventions had helped lay the foundation for vast advances in rail locomotive technology. Trevithicks Death and Burial I have been branded with folly and madness for attempting what the world calls impossibilities, and even from the great engineer, the late Mr. James Watt, who said to an eminent scientific character still living, that I deserved hanging for bringing into use the high-pressure engine. This so far has been my reward from the public; but should this be all, I shall be satisfied by the great secret pleasure and laudable pride that I feel in my own breast from having been the instrument of bringing forward and maturing new principles and new arrangements of boundless value to my country. However much I may be straitened in pecunary circumstances, the great honour of being a useful subject can never be taken from me, which to me far exceeds riches.- Richard Trevithick in a letter to Davies Gilbert Denied his pension by the government, Trevithick caromed from one failed financial endeavor to another. Struck by pneumonia, he died penniless and alone in bed. Only at the last minute did some of his colleagues manage to prevent Trevithick’s burial in a pauper’s grave. Instead, he was interred in an unmarked grave at a burial ground in Dartford. The cemetery closed not long after. Years later, a plaque was installed near what is believed to be the site of his grave.

Lack of Money Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Lack of Money - Research Paper Example In fact, it is money that drives the world at a rate so ever increasing. Indeed, without money, one cannot buy many products and services. Many laypeople feel that money is a necessary evil, and it is indeed considering that the lack of it makes life practically unbearable. On the other hand, money is one substance that motivates most of human activities and interactions including scientific research, space exploration, technological advancements, politics and business, the list being practically inexhaustible as noted by Krugman and Wells (2009). This paper discusses the lack of money and its close association with poverty and crime. It will be assumed that generally, lack of money amounts to poverty. One major problem that the world has ever so been grappling with since time immemorial is poverty. In the modern world, the lack of money can with reasonable confidence be summed as poverty or destitution. Absolute poverty is the condition that prevails when one cannot access basic human needs including education, clothing, food, clean water and shelter. On the other hand, relative poverty refers to the state of having less than acceptable level of money or resources as compared to other members of the society, country or community. Of the United States of America, Joseph Williams states that, â€Å"Today nearly 16 million Americans live in â€Å"deep or severe poverty†Ã‚  (Williams, 2007, par 1). Traditionally, poverty has been considered part and parcel of every society considering that ancient modes of production could not offer the whole population a comfortable life (Kerbo, 2006). According to the United Nations, lack of money or poverty denies people the capacity to effectively participate in society. The organization also notes that lack of money predisposes individuals or/and communities to violence as they have to live in marginalized or fragile

Innovation Diffusion and New Product Growth Models Essay

Innovation Diffusion and New Product Growth Models - Essay Example A number of organizations consider these innovations as a critical driver for economic performance. Researcher Silva, (2009) has agreed that the 21st century is totally based on information, innovation and knowledge-based economy. The success of organizations is hugely depended on the gaining of competitive advantages by effectively managing the current technologies and work processes while simultaneously creating innovations for the future. Innovation within the organizational processes can be viewed as the proper and efficient application for better solutions for the existing as well as changing and evolving marketing needs (Silva, 2009). Â  Innovation is the most important tool to success for the organizations in the post-Fordism business era. Post-Fordism elaborates the ability of organizations to improve their flexibility and adaptability towards the changing demand and preferences of the local as well as a global market by emphasizing on small batch production, economies of scope and new communication procedure (Amin, 2011). On the other hand, the percentage of failing of organizations is also increasing day by day from 2% in 1960 to 14% in 2008 (Edmondson, 2011). A large number of once leading companies, such as Kodak, Nokia Xerox, Motorola, and Polaroid, has experienced a huge failure due to the acquisition of wrong organizational practices and behaviors, while the market is continuously reforming and modernizing with new sets of behavior and practices. The organizational design and stereotypical practices are hampering the desired growth for the various leading organization while small firms are making their w ay to secure a successful position in the market (Edmondson, 2011). The lack of expertise to suspect the future has caused for overconfidence in such organization (Edmondson, 2011).

The 18th dynasty Egypt Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The 18th dynasty Egypt - Research Paper Example He established the 18th dynasty that ruled Egypt. During the rule of Ahmose the First, Egypt reached new heights of wealth and power. The regions ruled by the Pharaohs extended to new frontiers in The South, East and West. The kings of Egypt built palaces and temples, which were melting pots for Egyptian art. Territorial expansion was a response to previous threats that Egypt had experienced. Before the 18th dynast gained power, several kingdoms had invaded Egypt and weakened the region (Gardner and Fred 34). As a result, Egyptians were not able to participate in artistic works because the economy was ruined by the invasions. As a response, the Egyptian empire stretched from Syria to the regions of the Horn of Africa. This opened up new avenues for practicing art and economic activities. The economy focused on building and arts. New kingdom art differed from the art of preceding ages. The art showed a range of the Egyptian arts style. The art form of this period suffered normal surfa ce changes because of the progress of the Pharaonic art. This occurred during a homogeneous cultural period that provided a platform for an evolutional artistic development. Some of the artistic pieces of the period include the statuette of Nefert-iti and Teti-sheri. Paintings included the tomb of Amen-em-het and the palace of Amarna (Gardner et al, 42). This paper seeks to study the art of Ahmose the First who built the only loyal pyramid in Abydos. Ahmose the First was an artist who built the pyramid of Ahmose. The pyramid was not built as a tomb, but as a cenotaph for Ahmose the First (Gardner et al, 47). This pyramid was the royal pyramid that was built in Abydos. Ahmose the First used rubble and sand with limestone casing to build the pyramid. These construction materials were used to keep the pyramid in shape. The pyramid did not have any chamber for burials. Ahmose renewed royal support for the construction of artistic and monumental buildings with the re-unification of Egypt . He devoted a huge amount of his productive output towards the worship and service of the traditional Egyptian gods and reviving numerous monumental constructions and arts (Aldred 16). Though his building program did not last for more than seven year, he managed to leave a lasting arts legacy. Work from Ahmose the First reign was made of fine materials. However, artisanship during this period does not march the artisanship of the previous kingdoms. Control over the Nubian and Delta region gave access to resources that are required for artwork. Silver and Gold came from Nubia and cedar fro Byblos (Aldred 23). Though the relationship between Crete and Egypt was not certain, some of the artwork of this dynasty had designs from Crete. For instance, the Minoan designs were found in objects from the period. Most importantly, Ahmose re-commissioned the Tura Limestone quarries that provided stones for the construction of monuments. Asiatic cattle were used to haul stones from the quarry. T he pyramid of Ahmose raises a number of questions. For instance, most of the Egyptian pyramids were constructed in Cairo. However, the pyramid of Ahmose is located in Abydos, which is further south of Egypt. In my opinion, Ahmose set out to worship and appease the Egyptian traditional gods (Aldred 27). As a result, he built the pyramid to the south in order to appease the god Osiris. It is vital to note that the pyramid was not

Woolworths Australia History

Woolworths Australia History Woolworths has the biggest supermarket chain in Australia and is owned by the Woolworths Limited. Woolworths Limited was established in 1924 with the initial store opening in Sydneys Imperial Arcade. Its opening advertisement claimed that every city required the Woolworths and thus everybody needed a handy place where good things were cheap (Karen Plunkett-Powell, 2001). Woolworths was founded by Stanley Edward Chatterton, Harold Percival Christmas, Ernest Robert Williams, George William Percival Creed and Cecil Scott Waine. Stanley Chatterton and Percy Christmas had opened the first floor Frock Salon in Queen Victoria Markets currently the Queen Victoria Building at the corner of George and Market streets in Sydney (Collier and Evans, 2010). Formation of Woolworths limited It was obvious in 1924 the premises of S.E. Chatterton were small steered to opening of another branch. Formation of the new company (Woolworths limited) incorporated with the nominal capital of 25,000 shares each. The once proposed Woolworths Bazaar seemed cumbersome and on 22nd September in 1924, the company got registered as Woolworths limited after realization that the overseas Woolworths Company has no agenda to open in Australia. It had the following founding directors: S.E. Chatterton, H.P. Christmas, C. Scott Waine, E.R. Williams and G.W.P. Creed as the nearest advisers (Karen Plunkett-Powell, 2001). There were 15,000 shares which were given to public though there was small confidence in the business enterprise. Only 11,707 shares got subscribed by 29 people mostly the friends of promoters. Despite the mode, it was decided to go on and open soonest possible. The store was an instantaneous success and in its initial year the company remunerated a dividend of 5%, 40% in the second year and 50% in its third year (Collier and Evans, 2010). The policy of the founders to sell good in popular demand on cash and carry basis had been maintained (Peter Schulz, 1982). Woolies before Transition Retail environment in Australia Over the last 50 years, the Australia enjoyed fine business environment with increased population with the shopping centre developers becoming some of the leading in the world. The country enjoys fine weather all the year round, apart from having many of open air shopping centers. The usually encompassed centers have also an outdoor component with enclosed air conditioned areas which offer the respite from summer heat in warmer states. Evolution of supermarkets came with huge impact on Australias retail landscape. Riding on the strength of supermarkets retailing, Woolworths were at the time prepared on their way to become the biggest largest retailers. The Woolworths and Cols have currently neared 10% of the total Australian retail sales. As the retail sector in Australia has grown, it has also remained flexible and strategic to cope with micro and macro economic challenges, consumer trends, technological advances, new retail formats, consumer trends, globalization, rising retail rents, and increasing competition. Warehousing At first the Sydney Bulk Store was built on the two floors above Oxford Street store in 1929 though the space was outgrown quickly and in 1933 the three floors of the nearby Wentworth Avenue warehouse got taken over. The 20,000 sq ft seemed enough for the foreseeable future though it was outgrown within two years. This lead into purchase of 1 acre site at Pyrmont and 100,000 sq ft warehouse establishment opening as Sydbulk in 1936. Within the two years of growth, the space was outgrown as now Woolworths had 71 stores bulk and trading buying was the significant part to supply the best prices to customers. A novel bigger site was obtained at Glebe and in 1940 a modern warehouse of 262,000 sq ft was opened. Simultaneously, the Sydprint which was initiated in 1934 as the silk screen department in Majestys store moved likewise into Glebe warehouse (Karen Plunkett-Powell , 2001). The availability of enough warehousing was short lived and the influx of troops in the World War II created a space at the premium and in 1942 the Woolworths managed to bargain for smaller area in the attempt of taking the Glebe Warehouse as 100,000 was fenced for Americans. The World War II had brought the companys growth into termination. Many Woolworths men and women joined into military services which made it difficult for the company get its stock and staff (Karen Plunkett-Powell, 2001). The company saw a big change in its top management in 1940 with the appointment of Mr. Theo Kelly as the General Manager preceding Mr. H.P. Christmas then in office after the company sought the relief solution from increasingly arduous duties. Mr. Kelly who had joined Woolworths in 1928, its dedication interest in stock control issues led into his appointment as the Warehouse Manager two years later (Peter Schulz, 1982). Mr. Kelly was transferred to New Zealand in 1931 as the general manager and after three years he was appointed as the Director of Woolworths NZ. He took leave from position of General Manager to serve in RAAF for a few years and then got appointed into the board on his return. In 1945, Mr. Christmas retired as the managing director which led Kelly to be appointed as the successor at age 37. Mr. Christmas retained his Board position though on his oversees trip he suddenly died at Bordeaux in France. His position on Board was taken by Mr. Cedric Hart who joined the company in 1928 as the Queensland Accountant and got appointed as Secretary at the Head Office, Sydney in 1929. Post-War Expansion The termination of war brings the duty of rehabilitating the returned service personnel and the depleted warehouses and stores. The first post-war store was commenced at Brankstown, Sydney in 1948 and other stores quickly enhanced. In 1954, the Woolworths purchased the Majestys building for $ 2,200,000, Australian record price for one piece of the real estate and in 1955 the Woolworths opened the 200th store in Civic Centre, Canberra (Collier and Evans, 2010). Woolworths continued to grow in New Zealand to acquire 10 McDuffs stores by 1951 and in 1955 there were already 50 Woolworths stores established in New Zealand. In 1956 the company commenced its staff Journal which soon came to be called the Woolies News and circulated to all the states and stores to keep the Woolies family updated on the activities of rapidly expanding company (Karen Plunkett-Powell , 2001). Woolies Transition Woolworths limited continued to develop and in 1929 it saw its establishment in the London Buying Office (Australasian Chain Stores Ltd) and its related company in New Zealand, the Woolworths Zealand ltd whose initial store opened at Cuba Street in Wellington in 1929. By the ending of 1933, Woolworths limited had grown into 23 branches in Australia and 8 branches in New Zealand. The initial Victorian store was opened at Bourke Street in Melbourne in 1933. On the proceeding year, the former Bargain Basement Imperial Arcade in Sydney was closed after the company got the lease of her closest Majestys Theatre (Karen Plunkett-Powell , 2001). Following the considerable internal reconstruction, her new Majestys branch at Market and Pitt Street became the Woolworths major Sydney store which opened on 1934. In 1938, another new company was built to control the freehold properties of Woolworths properties ltd, Woolworths freehold properties and in 1942 the companys initial architect was selected. Woolworths had consistent advertisers in daily newspapers from beginning. In 1937, the company decided to utilize the comparatively new medium of radio sponsoring; the evening program referred to as Rhythm Round-up aired in station 2GB in Sydney (Collier and Evans, 2010). The Woolworths appeal for almost unfamiliar before breakfast resulted in Jack Davey to get its initial peak-time break in the show business and became one of the Sydneys principal personalities (Karen Plunkett-Powell , 2001). In 1981, the construction began on novel 74,000 sq metre warehouse complex on a land of 13 hectares at Yennora at the approximate cost of $20 million. The Yennora Distribution Cntre opened in 1983 and became the companys initial computerized Food warehouse. The second computerized Food Warehouse was established at the Acacia Ridge, Qld in 1983 and the novel meat processing plant at Wacol, Brisbane stated its production in July. In 1985, acquisition of 126 Australian Safeway Stores brought Woolworths to be the biggest food retailer in Australia. The Safeway Stores were located in Queensland and Victoria, New South Wales and involved the Northern New South Wales and Food Barns in Queensland. The stores got acquired following the agreement in which the Safeway Inc received 19.99% interest in Woolworths Limited (Peter Schulz, 1982). This led into Mr. J.W.R, the managing director and chairman of Australian Safeway stores, and Mr. P.A. Magowan, the chief executive officer and chairman of the Safeway stores Inc, USA got appointed into the Woolworths Board (Karen Plunkett-Powell, 2001). Currently the Food Store Chain included Philip Leong, Flemings (NSW), BCC, Food for Less (QLD), BCC, Fabulous (SA), Nancarrows (Vic), and Food Fair (WA) and it was concluded that from 1986 the businesses would operate as Food and Wholesaling Unit based at Mascot, Flemings, and Sydney. Woolworths also enhanced into franchising with the passing of Clancys franchises from the testing stage and 12 Clancy stores which operated in New South Wales. On January of 1985, acquisition of 50% for issued capital of Chandlers, Australia got pronounced. Chandler operated the chain of 59 electrical retail stores in Northern New South Wales and Queensland while in April the initial Dick Smith store was established in San Francisco, United States (Collier and Evans, 2010). In 1985, the minute group of 12 Homemaker stores was terminated. These stores were initially established in 1973 with stores in Jesmond in NSW and Bankstown Square, which involved a wide range of furniture, white goods and furnishings. On November, the IEL advised the unconditional offer to all shares in Woolworths Limited at the price of $3.65 cash per share. On December, the chairman for Woolworths declared the Woolworths directors had agreed on IEL offer to get the Woolworths shares. In 1989, the IEL had acquired 98.4% of shares in Woolworths and went on with compulsory acquisition of remaining Woolworths share (Collier and Evans, 2010). Woolworths became fully owned subsidiary of IEL at the cost of $ 850 million and on 31st of May, the Woolworths Limited shares got delisted and the company never appeared on Stock Exchange Boards after being listed for 65 years (Peter Schulz, 1982). The Woolworths limited stores had not been given attention until the premises offer on the highly advantageous terms which resulted in Woolworths opening at the store in Queen Street, Brisbane in 1927. On the preceding year, the company opened a store at 370 Pitt Street, second in Brisbane in the Valley and initial in Western Australia at the Hay Street, Perth (Peter Schulz, 1982). Cost and Benefits On October in 1964, the Woolworths opened its initial entirely sponsored and established the regional shopping centre (Jesmond Centre), near Newcastle, NSW. The 12 acre $2 million project involved the Woolworths initial BIG W department store, extensive car parking and specialty shops. In the preceding year the company opened the second BIG W department store at Chatswood. In 1964 Woolworths celebrated its 30th anniversary for its total retail sales which totaled $250 million setting the record for Australian retailer. It saw the building of laboratory of food testing at Perishables Warehouse in Auburn hence launching the company on the Quality Assurance Program which became one of the biggest and most comprehensive in retail industry in Australia (Karen Plunkett-Powell , 2001). In October 1965, Woolworths opened the second regional shopping centre at Newcastle in New South Wales. The $4 million establishment was referred as Kotara and in August 1966 was preceded by a drive-in shopping centre at the Liverpool nearby Sydney. And in November 1968, the Rock-hampton (Central Queensland) got its initial drive in the shopping centre when the Woolworths started the Northside Plaza (Karen Plunkett-Powell , 2001). On the proceeding year, Sundale on Queenslands Gold Coast was established on March and the fifth drive-in shopping centre got entirely expanded by Woolworths. Also the $71/2 million regional shopping centre on a 13 acre site comprising 50 shops was flagged as one of the developed designs in Australia by the time (Karen Plunkett-Powell, 2001). The drive-in supermarkets greatly spread as Warrawong Regional Centre in the nearby Port Kembla, and New South Wales opened in 1969. Woolworths drive-ins opened its seventh shopping centre south of Warrawong at Warilla Grove with Woolworths supermarket and other 20 specialty stores (Peter Schulz, 1982). Woolworths formed an export division in 1963 as Woolworths registered in Malaysia, Thailand Philippines and Hong Kong. In May 1965, the Woolworths Limited in Malaysia acquired the management interest in Fitzpatricks Food Suppliers, the Far East Limited, which is one of the Leading Singapores retail, agency and wholesale organizations. This was consequently sold in 1970. In 1965 Woolworths had the significant events of acquiring the long-term lease in Bebarfalds building the famous Sydney landmark at the corner of Park and George streets opposite Sydney Town Hall. In 1978, the board agreed the offer from LD Nathan and Co Ltd, from New Zealand to buy the Woolworths 40% interest in Woolworths (NZ) ltd. The company had the net gain due to transaction of $2,016,000 and 1,887,844 shares in Co.Ltd and LD Nathan which represented the 15% interest in the company (Peter Schulz, 1982). In 1979 Woolworths shares in LD Nathan plus Company Limited got sold to the New Zealand institutions bringing into an end the association which extended over half century. Woolworths established their initial New Zealand store in Cuba Street, Wellington in 1929 and lastly got 98 stores in New Zealand. In the marketing style changes of the Woolworths first self-service, a variety store was started at Beverly Hills, in a Sydney suburb on October, 1955. In the similar concept in retail trading overseas, especially in America, customers no longer waited to be catered for but serviced themselves to the items they required to pay at the checkouts as they moved out of the store (Peter Schulz, 1982). In 1983, the company made the year sales of $3,243,701,000 and the net profit of $56,965,000 after taxing. To recognize the companys 60th anniversary, the directors issued for bonus issue of shares made to all shareholders in the proportion of 1 to 10. The dividend reinvestment plan was pronounced and became operating in 1984 last dividend. In the year, 10 small stores in north of Western Australia got acquired from Elders IXL. The acquisition brought Woolies into a sole rich Pilbara region of north Western Australia for initial time and into the total number of 793. The concept was successful and the second self-service store got opened in Carnegie, in Melbourne the preceding year. In this whole period, the company experimented with small food sections in the rear parts of its variety stores including the Burswood, Punchbowl, Dee Why and Campsie (Karen Plunkett-Powell, 2001). The grocery range was limited though it included delicatessen items, fresh vegetables and packaged fresh meat sold in refrigerated cabinets. The variety sectors were serviced while the food sections were on self-service basis and had their own checkouts in the middle of the store. In May 1958, the company enhanced his fewer food outlets by acquisition of other 32 BCC (Stores food markets) in Queensland. The quick expansion enabled Woolworths to open its 300ths store in Wentworthville in December 1959. 1960 was the momentous year as Woolworths continued to proceed into the food sector to acquire John Wills supermarket chain which consisted of nine stores in Western Australia (Collier and Evans, 2010). With enhanced expertise in food marketing, the Woolworths planned for a series of comprehensive supermarkets, self selection stores, giving a variety of goods and range of food under one roof, with nearby parking space to meet the needs of fast growing population of car owners (Peter Schulz, 1982). The first Woolworths supermarket was opened at Warrawong, New South Wales in 1960 and was a great success which the other stores planned on drawing board reviewed to allow for full growth of the entire sites. In November and December of the same year, supermarkets got opened at Seven Hills, Berala, St. Ives, and Fairfield Heights, New South Wales, Margate and Coorparoo in Queensland and Elizabeth in South Australia. Acquisition for the 55 store Flemings food Chain in June and 57 New South Wales stores At McIraiths in November enhanced Woolworths food marketing. Woolworths became the initial retailer to function widely in Australia in 1960 when it bought the Northern Territory business for Centralian Traders Pty Ltd, in Alice Springs and Woolies were brought in the centre of the continent as Darwin followed in 1962. Following the massive expansion, the Glebe warehouse became a bit small and the existing stock-handling techniques too cumbersome. By the beginning of 1960, a new eighteen acre distribution centre at North Auburn, Silver water in NSW got established in stages. It occupied the entire block and offered the largest building for its kind in Australia with 800,000 sq ft of the storage space on two levels (Peter Schulz, 1982). The variety stock was held in one floor with consumables and groceries on other. Installation in the warehouse of Ramac, electronic computer for distribution and modern stock control, built Woolworths as the leader in computer usage in retail industry. In 1962, the completion of warehouse in Sydprint shifted from Glebe warehouse to Silverwater and got renamed as Woolprint and remained there until 1989. A new subsidiary Meatex was formed at Auburn for meat supplication to supermarkets and by 1961 another smaller Meatex plant got opened at Welland, South Australia before it relocated to Marleston in 1963. In August, a novel Meat distribution centre got completed in Blacktown to replace the Meatex at Auburn. The modern plant had extensive facilities which facilitated distribution for fresh meat to Woolworths NSW supermarkets (Collier and Evans, 2010). In 1960s, Woolworths expanded again into apparel market. It purchased 70 Rockmans apparel stores which operated in Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia and Queensland in 1961 and by November purchased the manufacturing company (L.O. Bailey Pty Ltd) 78 and other related Chic Salon lingerie shops. The initial stage of enhanced alterations towards the building now called the Woolies Corner, culminated in November opening of the new look Woolworths variety store which occupied the basement, first and ground floors (Peter Schulz, 1982). There was the addition of two additional storeys, and the upper floors became the head office of the company in March 1970. Her Majesty store which traded for 36 years terminated in 1970 and the building got sold to AMP Society for redevelopment as a portion of Centre point project. In 1966 a Knighthood, the Queens Birthday Honor List was pronounced for Woolies Chairman and Managing Director (Sir Theo Kelly) in reorganization for his services to industry and Commerce. Sir Theo Kelly had taken the part of Mr. C. Scott Waine as the Chairman of Board in 1963, to hold the appointment jointly with Managing Directorship. In 1967 eight Cox brothers department stores got acquired successfully to comprise the Foys at Bourke Street in Melbourne and the stores in Melbourne in Chadstone suburbs, Prahran, Northland and Collingwood; Cox-Economic at Hay stret, Morshead atBallarat, Cox-Foys and Perth at Mt Gambier SA. The Victorian group of 26 food stores (trading as Nancarrows) was acquired in 1969 and further group of 75 Crofts Food Stores in 1970. The stores added to existing Food Fairs to make it the composite group of 120 food stores which trading as Nancarrows and offered the strong entry into Victorian market (Collier and Evans, 2010). Woolworths opened a novel BIG W Centre at Booval near Ipswich Qld which featured the complete self-selection and checkout process to merchandising in department store as well as food in 60,000 sq. ft. trading level. On the preceding year, a similar store opened at Indooroopilly in Brisbane. This became announced as the Woolworths Family Centre and Booval store got adopted at the same time (Karen Plunkett-Powell, 2001). Simultaneously, it was decided to hold the trading name of BIG W department stores for the purpose of transferring the existing stores to new Woolworths Family Centre Division. In the end of 1970 other three Woolworths Family Centers started to operate in Queensland at Mt, Isa, North Rockhampton and Mt Gravatt, Brisbane. Popularity in Woolworths Family Centers, Queensland gave way for more expansion for this new division and in 1971 the initial New South Wales centers started at Warilla Grove shopping centre and St, Wollingong. These got followed by the Wagga NSW, 10th and the Phoenix Park near the Fremantle WA, 31st. By the end of September in 1971, there were opened six more Family Centers, three in Queensland, two in (NSW) and one in WA. Also the company lauched its 25-year club in 1970 where the Woolworths honors its employees retired or active with 25 or more years service. The inaugural functions got held in the entire states at Companys London Office (Karen Plunkett-Powell, 2001). Sir Theo Kelly retired in 1971 and Owen Price the general manager since 1969 was appointed as the companys chief executive. Sir Theo remained as the chairman of Woolworths Limited, subsidiary and associated companies and the managing and chairman of Woolworths, in New Zealand Limited. In November 1972, the last surviving member of Woolworths group who founded Woolworths, Mr. Stanley E. Chatterton CBE, retired from the directors board to severe the link of great historical importance. In 1974, the general manager, Mr. Owen Price, resigned and Mr. Paul Simons and Mr. W.B Dean got appointed jointly as general managers and Mr. C.T. Waldon became the deputy general manager. On December in 1978, Mr. C.T. Waldron the deputy general manager became appointed as the joint general manager corporate services after resignation of Mr. Paul Simons as Mr. W.B. Dean maintained his responsibility as the Joint General Manager (merchandising). In 1973 Woolworths introduced the carefully organized series of Woolworths own brands. It launched 200 items under five different names: St Mark, Chevron, Grandway and Woothworths which all bared the Own Brands seal. For qualification in inclusion of the Own Brands range, the e product retained the least equal quality to national market leader though it sold at a minimal price (Karen Plunkett-Powell, 2001) Woolworths limited 50th anniversary was celebrated by the shoppers in the entire Australia on 5th December as Australia shaped cakes which bared 50 candles got distributed in all the stores for customers and staff to share (Peter Schulz, 1982). That year saw the retail sales of $702,024,065 and the operating profit minus the tax of $9, 933,770. The staff currently which totaled 32,000 made the Woolworths as one of the largest employers of private labor enterprise sector (Collier and Evans, 2010). The Woolworths board recently established the four clear corporate objectives: To offer the customers with good quality merchandise at cheap prices. Improved profit on shareholders funds to make the people owning Woolworths To receive good returns on investment. To offer their customers with adequate and friendly services. To provide good conditions, wages, job satisfaction for its employees. In 1975, there was a high inflection in Australia and Woolworths got affected by the heavy increases of wages. Even though, 143 new stores got completed in the year and significantly the policy discussions got held to rationalize the trading operations and plan for establishment of BIG W Discount Store Division, the novel style for retailing of Woolworths. The BIG W concept was for big store, and sold the general merchandise on a sole level with enhanced parking facilities. The initial BIG W DISCOUNT STORE was started at West Tamworth in New South Wales in 1976 and by the ending of 1978, up to 13 BIG W Discount stores operated with stores in the entire states and ACT. Also in 1976, Woolworths became the initial Australian retail organization to get the sales which exceeded $ 1 billion in a financial year and the initial Annual Report to staff got distributed, an additional initial Australian Retail Industry (Karen Plunkett-Powell, 2001). In 1980, Sir Theo Kelly OBE retired from the position of Chairman and got succeeded by Mr. E.P. McClintock. Sir Theo Kelly was established to commemorate his 52 years in the company and 17 years as the chairman. The foundation offered the scholarship to enable managers from the industry participates in the moment of tertiary education aiming directly to develop the skills in Executive Retail Management. On January, 31st, Mr. AJ Tony the previous state manager for NSW was selected as to general manager and also chief executive and director for the board before his appointment as the managing director in 1981. In the year which ended in 28th January in 1981, the company sales exceeded by $2 billion for initial time and the increased results made the bonus issue of usual shares of 1 for 10. A $30 million pronounceable rights matter for convertible unsecured was made to ordinary shareholders to help in funding of new store development. In 1981, the Woolworths got 60% of the established companies operated by Dick Smith Electronic, and the remaining 40% of Dick Smith group got acquired in 1983. The food store group was based in Townsville, Qld as Philip Leong was taken in April and acquirement of Purity Group of 14 supermarkets and Roelf Vos group of 10 supermarkets in Tasmania. Woolworths had been in the forefront in utilization of the latest technology and improved its retail performance. In year 1926 the receipt-printing cash registers got installed by National Cash Register Company which declared Woolworths Limited was the words firt variety store to implement that kind of machines to record its sales (Collier and Evans, 2010). In August of 1982, the Arndale Supermarket and the Frenchs Forest formed the initial centre for scanning operations with NCR equipment in Sydney. Preceding the successful pilit scheme, the scanning systems got introduced in 10 supermarkets in Purity Stores and New South Wales in Tasmania. The Proceeding year on 5th of December, there was the introduction of the worlds first national electronic funds transfer system at the point of sale at that supermarket at Neutral Bay, New South Wales. The Food Plus and BP Australia joined Westpac for this historic initially. In 1998, the trial for the first scanning system got launched at Glenorchy Purity Supermarket, Tasmania. In the first week of December, celebrations were held in the entire Woolworths stores to celebrate the companys 60th Anniversary. This followed the giving of 11 kilo maps of Australia cakes to all Woolworths stores for cake-cutting ceremonies and presentation in the community groups. This give opportunity for the 25 year club with the membership f 705 which held special functions in all the states. The community gestured for 60th anniversary and the poster of Australian flags with 38 flags depicting the Australian history got produced for Australian day. Two of posters were given free to all the Australian schools, state and independent likewise to make available in all the parliamentarians and any interested parties. They proved to be successful and became an annual event with the new poster on Australian theme designed and distributed every year (Collier and Evans, 2010). The Future of Woolworths Improvement in Profitability The companys results reviewed a dramatic turnaround from negative effects of 1987. The half year trading of 1988 confirmed the improvement trend in profitability of company though the directors never declared on interim dividend. In the period of 1988 to 1989, the sales and the group operating profit increased and again putting the Woolworths as the leader of retailed food in Australia (Peter Schulz, 1982). In 1989, the new concept of store presentation introduced alongside Crazy Prices Store that was opened at Eastwood, NSW. Formally growing from aggressive efforts into clear stocks on closing of unprofitable variety stores, the precepts was then enhanced into new sites and in two years the 20 Crazy Prices stores got established (Karen Plunkett-Powell, 2001). Environment Woolworths looked for various ways of reducing its effects on environment. It engaged in recycling of in-store waste like polystyrene boxes, cardboard boxes, meat off cuts and chicken rotisserie fat and the supermarkets came up with storefront bins of plastic bag recycling. In the last half of 1989, Woolworths established the testing program and became the CFC free and utilized only the HFC refrigerants. All the refitted and new Woolworths supermarkets are fitted with HFC products nationally (Peter Schulz, 1982). Woolworths currently uses the latest technological advances to offer the service for their customers. The Woolworths Online Fresh Food Website involves the personalized meal planning features. The site gives room for the customer to browse around 2000 delicious recipes, dietary advice and practical cooling tips from the leading nutritionist: Rosemary Stanton and register for dietary requirements and personal food preferences. Proper meal plans particularly tailored to those kinds of requirements are generated and after the recipes are chosen, the sites form a shopping list and advice to the viewer of their nearest Woolworths Purity, Safeway or Roelf Vos Supermarket. Its Home Page Services got extended when the Homeshop went live in 1998. Centered on the Woolworths store at Eastwood, Sydney, the Homeshop enables the customers to view for products range including fresh fruit and vegetables, groceries, serviced deli, fresh meat, liquor, frozen and chilled foods. The customers have got their chosen groceries delivered within the nominated 2 hour delivery window amidst 7am and 11pm by the refrigerated Homeshop van as the payments are made via mobile EFTPOS on their arrival. The service has been expanded rapidly with plans to cover the for 140 suburbs in Sydney (Collier and Evans, 2010). In July of 1998, the Woolworths and Commonwealth Bank pronounced the alliance purposed at offering the range of co-branded financial services to personal customers. Immediately after the Woolworths had announced it, contracted with the Dan Murphy Cellars liquor business (in Victoria) with five other retail outlets in metropolitan Melbourne. It had been the intention of Woolworths to sustain the Dan Murphy business as the autonomous expand and operation nationwide in the new brand-name concept (Peter Schulz, 1982). Woolworths goes on to enhance its activities with novel marketplace shopping centers in construction , and more so Metro Stores being opened in New South Wales and Queensland likewise to Woolworths +Plus Petro enhancing up to 42 outlets and new distribution and warehousing centers at Minchin bury, broad meadows and New South Wales, Victoria (Karen Plunkett-Powell, 2001).

Tree Imagery in Hurston’s Novels, Their Eyes Were Watching God and Sera

Tree Imagery in Hurston’s Novels, Their Eyes Were Watching God and Seraph on the Suwanee Hurston uses the fruit tree as an important image in both of the texts: the blossoming pear tree for Janie and the budding mulberry tree for Arvay. Each holds a unique meaning for its counterpart. In looking at Janie’s interaction with her tree, I chose to focus on the passage on page 11, beginning with â€Å"She was stretched on her back beneath the pear tree†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . For Arvay, I chose the passage on page 37, beginning with â€Å"They entered the place under the tree†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . The two tree passages have many similarities and differences. The most obvious difference is that Hurston first introduces us to the pear tree with Janie alone, whereas we have our first experience of the mulberry tree with both Arvay and Jim. This in itself is symbolic of important aspects of both of the characters. For Janie, it points to her independence and strength. For Arvay, it seems to show her dependence and frailty. Another difference lies in the position and shape of the tree itself. In Their Eyes, â€Å"the gold of the sun†, â€Å"t...

Why should I be considered for the Education for Children with Diabetes Foundation Scholarship?

I believe that I am an ideal candidate to be considered for the Education for Children with Diabetes Foundation scholarship as I possess the necessary skills, knowledge, experience, and most of all the desire to overcome my disease, which would help me become successful in my future career. Basically, any disease, sickness, or debilitation can be disadvantageous to anyone. In my case, I was diagnosed with type I diabetes when I was a child. However, instead of allowing my condition to bring me down and discourage me, I used it as a springboard to accomplish my goals in life.While many people pitied me and felt sorry for me because of my illness, I did not feel the same way for myself. Instead of wallowing in self-pity, I used my sickness as my motivation and inspiration to prove to everyone that despite my condition, I could do anything I want if I just work hard for it. Initially, it was very difficult to adjust to the effects of type I diabetes as I had to watch the food eat and I had to be constantly injected with insulin.However, as I grew up, I eventually got used to my disease, and as time passed, my condition became a part of my everyday life, which I barely paid any attention to. As I battle with diabetes, I always conditioned my mind and my body to focus on the task at hand, which is to finish high school and move to a higher level of education. Instead of focusing on the negative aspect of my condition, I focused on the positive side of it and as a result, I was able to live a relatively normal life.Basically, even when the complications of my condition were causing me a lot pain, my motto was â€Å"Keep your eyes on the prize,† which exactly what I have been doing all my life. I maintained my focus on the â€Å"prize,† which is to finish school and as a result, I was able to get good grades in my class despite my disease and I was able to reach the senior year of my high school with ease. I was also able to participate in various school activities such as basketball, swimming, and jogging, among others.In addition, my condition was able to instill in me discipline in achieving my goals and aspirations. Although there were a lot of temptations such as smoking and heavy drinking, I was able to resist them as I know it could worsen my illness, one way or the other. In a way, my diabetes was able to shield me from bad influences and prevent me from being distracted from my goal. In other words, I saw my disease as more of an opportunity rather than a disadvantage and as a blessing rather than a curse.I have never felt ashamed of my disease as I know it would make me a better person and teach me a lot lessons in life. My diabetes is basically an opportunity for me to prove to others that I can still live a normal life and still excel in the things I do despite my condition. In addition, it is also an opportunity for me to show to other young people who are afflicted with the disease that their diabetes should never be a hindrance to reaching their dreams.In other words, the disease enabled me to set a good example to other people who have diabetes or other illnesses. Moreover, I saw it as a blessing since now I have a chance to get a scholarship because of my disease and help lessen my parents’ expenses for my education. In addition, the disease made me value my parents more as they were the ones who always cared for me as I battled with diabetes and ensured that I get a good education. In this regard, I believe that my attitude towards my diabetes would greatly help me as I enter college.As I coped with my disease, I have learned a lot of lessons such as commitment, the value of hard work, sacrifice, patience, and humility, which I believe I would be able to apply when I go to college and when I grow up and face the real world. In short, my diabetes as taught me a lot of realities in this world and as a result I have emerged a stronger person who is ready to combat all the difficulties an d obstacles I would be facing in real life. However, what sets me apart from the other applicants is my passion to become better every day even if I have a disease.Ever since I discovered that I have type I diabetes, I have dedicated myself to becoming better each day while making sure that I watch my health. In addition, I have also shown great enthusiasm in knowing more about my disease through reading and researching as I know this would help me prevent complications as I grow up. If I am blessed and fortunate enough to be given the Education for Children with Diabetes Foundation Scholarship, I will work hard so that I would achieve my dreams of becoming highly skilled and highly competent in my profession and prove to everyone that I am worthy of the scholarship.In addition, if I am admitted to the scholarship program, I would also encourage people diagnosed with the disease to never lose hope and keep moving forward to reach their goals. In short, my attitude towards my disease , my dedication to my goals, and, more importantly my passion and desire to accomplish my dreams despite my disease, makes me more than qualified to be given the Education for Children with Diabetes Foundation Scholarship.

Polyethylene Terephthalate Plastics

Polyethylene Terephthalate Plastics PET plastics or polyethylene terephthalate is used in many different products. The properties of PET makes it ideal for a number of different uses and these advantages make it one of the most common plastics available today. Understanding more about the history of PET, as well as the chemical properties, will allow you to appreciate this plastic even more. In addition, most communities recycle this type of plastic, which allows it to be used again and again. What are the chemical properties of PET? PET Chemical Properties This plastic is a thermoplastic resin of the polyester family and is commonly used in many different products, including synthetic fibers. It can exist in both a transparent and a semi-crystalline polymer, depending upon the processing and thermal history. Polyethylene terephthalate is a polymer that is formed by combining two monomers: modified ethylene glycol and purified terephthalic acid. PET can be modified with additional polymers as well, making it acceptable and usable for other uses. History of PET The history of PET began in 1941. The first patent was filed by John Whinfield and James Dickson, along with their employer, the Calico Printers Association of Manchester. They based their invention on the earlier work of Wallace Carothers. They, working with others, created the first polyester fiber called Terylene in 1941, which was followed by many other types and brands of polyester fibers. Another patent was filed in 1973 by Nathaniel Wyeth for PET bottles, which he used for medicines. Advantages of PET PET offers several different advantages. PET can be found in many different forms, from semi-rigid to rigid. This is largely dependent upon its thickness. It is a lightweight plastic that can be made into a number of different products. It is very strong and has impact resistant properties as well. As far as color, it is largely colorless and transparent, although color can be added, depending upon the product that it is being used for. These advantages make PET one of the most common types of plastic that is found today. Uses of PET There are many different uses for PET. One of the most common is for drink bottles, including soft drinks and more. PET film or what is called Mylar is used for balloons, flexible food packaging, space blankets, and as a carrier for magnetic tape or backing for pressure sensitive adhesive tape. In addition, it can be formed to make trays for frozen dinners and for other packaging trays and blisters. If glass particles or fibers are added to the PET, it becomes more durable and stiffer in nature. PET is largely used for synthetic fibers, also known as polyester. PET Recycling PET is commonly recycled in most areas of the country, even with curbside recycling, which is simple and easy for everyone. Recycled PET can be used in a number of different things, including polyester fibers for carpeting, parts for cars, fiberfill for coats and sleeping bags, shoes, luggage, t-shirts, and more. The way to tell if you are dealing with PET plastic is looking for the recycling symbol with the number 1 inside of it. If you are not sure that your community recycles it, simply contact your recycling center and ask. They will be happy to help. PET is a very common type of plastic and understanding its composition, as well as its advantages and uses, will allow you to appreciate it a little bit more. You most likely have lots of products in your home that contains PET, which means that you have the opportunity to recycle and allow your product to make even more products. Chances are you will touch different PET products over a dozen times today.

Picture Glossary of Geological Landforms

Picture Glossary of Geological Landforms The Earth has a diverse landscape of made up of many different landforms. These landforms have been shaped by everything from humans to weather and even the shifting of the tectonic plates. These stunning photos of each landform type will help illustrate the wonders of nature all around us. Depositional Landforms Depositional Landforms  are  built up by movement of material, usually sediment. Alluvial Fan- Where sediment spills from hills into piles on plains. Bajada- Apron of debris built of many alluvial fans. Bar- Sediment piled across the mouth of a river or bay. Barrier Island- Long sandy bar that guards the coast. Beach- Sandy shore between land and sea. Delta- Where sediment fills the mouth of a river. Dune- Pile of fine sand built by the wind. Floodplain- Wide muddy flats flanking a river. Landslide- Sediment deposit created by mass movement. Lava Flow- Building block of volcanoes. Levee- Natural berm along a river, rarely seen today. Mud Volcano- Edifice built by eruptions of gas-charged sediment. Playa- Dry lake bed, typically dusty or salty. Spit- Bar or barrier island growing offshore into open water. Terrace- Ancient bench built into a vanished lake. Tombolo- Sandbar joining two pieces of land. Tufa Tower- Limy growth exposed as a mineral lake subsides. Volcano- Mountain that grows from the inside up. Special Galleries: Landslides, Tombolos, Mud Volcanoes Erosional Landforms Erosional Landforms  are carved by the forces of erosion. Erosion is when landmasses are shaped by water. Arch- Short-lived natural bridges of stone. Arroyo- Flat-floored streambed typical of deserts. Badlands- Mazelike area of strong stream dissection. Butte- Narrow table mountain or abruptly rising stone hill. Canyon- Large, steep-walled rocky valley. Chimney- Column of rock standing in the water off a beach. Cliff- Precipitous rock face of various heights. Cirque- Mountainside bowl shaped by a glacier. Cuesta- Ridge of hard rock beds that slope gently. Gorge- High-walled rocky valley cut by vigorous waters. Gulch- Steep and narrow ravine eroded by flash floods. Gully- Small channel cut into a soft material. Hanging Valley- Stream bed that ends in a waterfall. Hogback- Ridge of hard rock beds that slope steeply. Hoodoo- Tall rock column carved by desert erosion. Hoodoo Rock- Bizarre rock shape carved by desert erosion. Inselberg- Remnant rock knob typical of deserts. Mesa- Table mountain, steep-sided and flat-topped. Monadnock- Mountainous remnant of widespread regional erosion. Mountain- Large, rocky hill with a peak. Ravine- Narrow, rocky valley carved by water. Sea Arch- Arch cut by ocean waves. Sinkhole- Collapsed ground where underlying rock has been removed. Tor- Rounded rocky knob unearthed from an underground origin. Valley- In general, low ground with high ground around it. Volcanic Neck- Solid lava core of a former volcano. Wash or Wadi- Streambed that is usually either dry or flooded. Water Gap- River valley that cuts through a rock ridge. Wave-Cut Platform- Rock surface cut flat by long exposure to surf. Yardang- Sediment shape carved by fierce desert winds. Tectonic Landforms Tectonic Landforms are made by movements of Earths crust such as earthquakes.   Escarpment- Large cliff usually made by faulting. Fault Scarp- Short-lived sign of earthquake displacement. Pressure Ridge- When push comes to shove, rock rises. Rift Valley- Formed by splitting lithospheric plates. Sag Basin- When pull comes to tug, rock falls. Shutter Ridge- High ground pulled sideways across a stream. Stream Offset- Disruption of a waterway by repeated fault motion.

Trends and hazards in firefigter training Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Trends and hazards in firefigter training - Essay Example The article presents an introduction to the trends and hazards which are there in firefighter training aspects. Then it details a summary of the key issues which go in line with these trends and hazards. A background also been made clear in this article. It is only in the section of the training incidents that one finds clear cut basis for different events which have occurred of late in the wake of the firefighter training regimes, within the United States. In the article, there is the basis of the data which has been accounted for on the basis of the casualties. Also the fire service training standards and regulations are discussed that take a close look at the NFPA and the regulations which are applicable for the local, state and federal regimes. The common problems related with the training processes are discussed in detail whereby the sub aspects of live fire training, physical stress and unsafe practices have been thoroughly examined. The relation between the instructor and officer has also been seen and the fire combat experience is duly mentioned. The environmental hazards are viewed in the same light as well. In the end, the conclusion lists the lessons which have been learned in the wake of the different trends and hazards found in firefighter training which include the failure to comply with the already set guidelines in place for the training processes to achieve set outcomes and the role of the fire service training personn el so as to ensure that they meet the standards and procedures in an easy way. Also the fact that the lessons learned mention the importance of saving firefighter lives is a significant aspect nonetheless. The article basically presents an insight into the firefighter basis of achieving success within the relevant domains as well as provides an eye-opener to the general publics of the ways and means through which these firefighters and fire officers have to go so that they could put out the fires. Their training must be proper

Iris recognition system using principal component analysis Dissertation

Iris recognition system using principal component analysis - Dissertation Example This gives a fine demarcation between the inter class and intra class irises and hence the recognition becomes easier. Principal component analysis has been used to reduce the dimensionality. This enables choice of appropriate features from the iris templates and improves classification. The iris recognition accuracy has been described in terms of False Reject Ratio and False Accept Ratio. Table of contents Chapter 1 – Introduction of Project 1.1. Introduction 1.2. Project background 1.3. Problem Statement 1.4. Project aim and objectives 1.5. Significance of the project 1.6. Scope of project 1.7. Overview of project 2. Chapter - 2 Review of Literature 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Human Iris System 2.2.1. Iris and Biometrics 2.2.2. Artificial Intelligence for Iris recognition 2.3. Scanning the Iris 2.3.1 Localization of Landmarks 2.3.2 Digital Imaging 2.4. statistical dependence 2.5. Principal Component Analysis 2.5.1 Covariance 2.5.2 Normality and Residuals 2.6. Chapter summary Chap ter 3 – Methodology and framework of the Project 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Method 3.3. Requirements 3.4. Project Design 3.5. Hardware Design 3.6. Software Design 3.7. Chapter summary Chapter 4 – Project implementation and testing 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Image Segmentation 4.3. Image Normalisation 4.4. Feature extraction and encoding 4.5. Dimensionality Reduction 4.6. Iris matching Chapter 5 – Analysis and Discussion of Results 5.1. Introduction 5.2. Effect of the Parameters 5.3. Analysis of Hamming Distance 5.4. Recognition performance Chapter 6 – Project Management 6.1. Introduction 6.2. Project scheduling 6.3. Time management 6.4. Risk management 6.5. Quality management 6.6. Cost Management Chapter 7 - Critical Appraisal 7.1. Achievements 7.2. Future Research Chapter 8 – Conclusion Chapter 9 – Student Reflection References Appendices List of Figures Fig. 2.1. The Iris marking process. Fig. 2.2. Iris Localization/ Hough Transform Figure 2.3. Ir is Recognition Method Fig. 2.4. Iris Recognition in Java Fig.3.1. Sample eye images from CASIA database Fig. 3.2. Waterfall diagram Fig. 3.3. The UML Class diagram for the project in Smart Draw tool. Fig. 3.4. UML activity diagram for this project in Smart Draw. Fig. 4.1. Segmented eye image. Fig.4.2. Eye image with isolated iris region. Fig.5.1. Variation of intra class Standard deviation with number of shifts. Fig.5.2. Histogram of Hamming distance (intra class) without shifting of bits. Fig.5.3. Histogram of Hamming distance (intra class) with 8 times shifting of bits. Fig. 5.4 Histogram of the hamming distances (inter class) with 8 times shifting of bits. Fig.6.1. The Gantt chart for project schedule. List of Tables Table 2.2. Characteristics Index of Biometric Variations Table 2.1 False Rejection Rate Table 6.1. Risk Management Chapter 1 – Introduction of Project 2.3. Introduction This chapter presents a brief introduction about the project in terms of the project backgr ound, the scope of the project, the aim and objectives of the project and the overview. Researchers have developed several methods to develop Biometric tools. â€Å"A biometric system provides automatic identification of an individual based on a unique feature or characteristic possessed by the individual† (Majumder, Ray, & Singh, 2009). Among the various biometrics the Iris Recognition System uses